Ipamorelin Reviews

THE LITERATURE

Ipamorelin references: every source behind the appraisal.

The complete cited record — peer-reviewed journals, with DOIs and PubMed identifiers — so each claim on this site can be checked at the source.

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How to read this list

Every numbered citation on this site maps to an entry below, each with a DOI or PubMed link so any claim can be traced to its source. The list spans the three tiers this appraisal weighs: the founding pharmacology and human pharmacokinetics, the single failed Phase 2 efficacy trial, the rodent and recent in-vivo work, the GHRH-synergy mechanism behind the CJC-1295 pairing, and the anti-doping detection literature. Where a claim is mechanistic or class-level rather than ipamorelin-specific, the text says so and the citation makes the distinction clear.

  1. Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. ↗
  2. Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. ↗
  3. Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. ↗
  4. Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. ↗
  5. Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. ↗
  6. Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. ↗
  7. Gajda PM, et al. Glycine-modified growth hormone secretagogues identified in seized doping material. Drug Test Anal. 2019;11:350-354. ↗
  8. Tsivou M, et al. Doping control container for urine stabilization: a pilot study. Drug Test Anal. 2017;9:699-712. ↗
  9. Thomas A, et al. Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci. 2016;39:333-341. ↗
  10. Semenistaya E, et al. Solid-phase extraction of small biologically active peptides on cartridges and microelution 96-well plates from human urine. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8:940-949. ↗
  11. Thomas A, et al. Metabolism of growth hormone releasing peptides. Anal Chem. 2012;84:10252-10259. ↗
  12. Yagi H, et al. Effect of intravenous or intracerebroventricular injections of His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 on GH release in conscious, freely moving male rats. Neuroendocrinology. 1996;63:198-206. ↗
  13. Bercu BB, et al. Role of selected endogenous peptides in growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide activity: analysis of growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyroid hormone-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology. 1992;130:2579-2586. ↗
  14. Fintini D, et al. Effects of combined long-term treatment with a growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue and a growth hormone secretagogue in the growth hormone-releasing hormone knock out mouse. Neuroendocrinology. 2005;82:198-207. ↗
  15. Yan M, et al. Effect of GHRH and GHRP-2 treatment in vitro on GH secretion and levels of GH, pituitary transcription factor-1, GHRH-receptor, GH-secretagogue-receptor and somatostatin receptor mRNAs in ovine pituitary cells. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;150:235-242. ↗