# Ipamorelin References: The Cited Literature

> Ipamorelin references — the full peer-reviewed source list behind this evidence appraisal, with DOIs and PubMed links: founding pharmacology, the human PK and failed trial, and the anti-doping detection studies.

The complete cited record — peer-reviewed journals, with DOIs and PubMed identifiers — so each claim on this site can be checked at the source.

## How to read this list

Every numbered citation on this site maps to an entry below, each with a DOI or PubMed link so any claim can be traced to its source. The list spans the three tiers this appraisal weighs: the founding pharmacology and human pharmacokinetics, the single failed Phase 2 efficacy trial, the rodent and recent in-vivo work, the GHRH-synergy mechanism behind the CJC-1295 pairing, and the anti-doping detection literature. Where a claim is mechanistic or class-level rather than ipamorelin-specific, the text says so and the citation makes the distinction clear.

## References

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[2] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Gajda PM, et al. Glycine-modified growth hormone secretagogues identified in seized doping material. Drug Test Anal. 2019;11:350-354. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2489
[8] Tsivou M, et al. Doping control container for urine stabilization: a pilot study. Drug Test Anal. 2017;9:699-712. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2048
[9] Thomas A, et al. Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci. 2016;39:333-341. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201501060
[10] Semenistaya E, et al. Solid-phase extraction of small biologically active peptides on cartridges and microelution 96-well plates from human urine. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8:940-949. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1890
[11] Thomas A, et al. Metabolism of growth hormone releasing peptides. Anal Chem. 2012;84:10252-10259. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac302034w
[12] Yagi H, et al. Effect of intravenous or intracerebroventricular injections of His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 on GH release in conscious, freely moving male rats. Neuroendocrinology. 1996;63:198-206. https://doi.org/10.1159/000126958
[13] Bercu BB, et al. Role of selected endogenous peptides in growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide activity: analysis of growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyroid hormone-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology. 1992;130:2579-2586. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.130.5.1315249
[14] Fintini D, et al. Effects of combined long-term treatment with a growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue and a growth hormone secretagogue in the growth hormone-releasing hormone knock out mouse. Neuroendocrinology. 2005;82:198-207. https://doi.org/10.1159/000092520
[15] Yan M, et al. Effect of GHRH and GHRP-2 treatment in vitro on GH secretion and levels of GH, pituitary transcription factor-1, GHRH-receptor, GH-secretagogue-receptor and somatostatin receptor mRNAs in ovine pituitary cells. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;150:235-242. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1500235

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An evidence-appraisal reading of the Ipamorelin record — the founding selectivity data weighed against the failed Phase 2 trial and the marketing, with the anti-doping detection science laid out plainly; no clinic behind the appraisal and nothing here dosed, dispensed, or sold.